一、动词不定式作定语，修饰其前面的名词或代词，也叫中心词，动词不定式跟中心词有逻辑关系，大致分为主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和状语关系等。1 主谓关系：不定式的动作是不定式所修饰的中心词来执行。可以改成定语从句。1) 不定式还可用来修饰人。He is a man to finish his task best.他是完成任务最好的人。→He is a man who has finished his task best.He was a brave man to do what he did.他是个敢做敢当的勇敢之人。→He was a brave man who could do what he did.2) 不定式常可用来修饰物，表示某物要做某事。The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。→The next train which would arrive was from New York.The world mathematics conference to take place in Beijing next month is bound to be a great success.下月将在北京召开的世界数学大会一定取得圆满成功。→The world mathematics conference which is going to take place in Beijing next month is bound to be a great success.2 动宾关系：不定式所修饰的中心词跟不定式有动宾关系。可改成定语从句。跟主谓关系一样，不定式修饰的既可以是人，也可以是物。不定式动作的执行者可能是句子的主语，也有可能是句子的宾语；有时不定式动作的执行者暗含在上下文中；有时用for somebody/something指出动作的执行者；有时根本不知道是谁。1) 及物动词不定式：动词不定式直接放在所修饰的中心词之后。Do you have anything to say (which you will have to say)? 你有什么要说的吗？This is a delicious cake for you to eat (which you can eat).这是一个给你吃的美味蛋糕。2) 不及物动词不定式：由于不定式跟中心词有动宾关系，因此不及物动词或短语之后应该使用相应的介词。She has a room to live in.她有一间房子住。He has a child to take care of.他有一个孩子要照管。3) 有些名词接不定式做定语，可以省略介词，它们是：place, reason, time, way等。Is that the way to do it (inwhich/that it can be done)? 这是做这个事情的方法吗？You need a place to sleep (where/inwhich you can sleep).你需要一个睡觉的地方。It is time to go to bed (at which/when/thatwe went to bed).该上床睡觉的时候了。4) 不定式所修饰的名词，可以是及物动词的宾语、双宾语动词的宾语，也可以是及物短语动词的宾语。He found no good music to enjoy.他发现没有好音乐可欣赏。(music是及物动词found的宾语)They brought her some clothes to wash.他们带给她一些要洗的衣服。(clothes是双宾语动词brought的直接宾语)She looked for some interesting novels toread.她找一些有趣的小说来阅读。(novels是短语动词looked for的宾语)3 同位关系：不定式跟中心词有同位关系。这类名词一般都只能用不定式作定语。1) 某些由同源动词转变而来的名词，同源动词以不定式做宾语，同源名词则以不定式做定语，不定式跟中心词是同位关系。这样只能以不定式作定语的名词：ability, anxiety, attempt, curiosity,decision, desire, disposition, failure, freedom, inclination, obligation,offer, permission, plan, promise, refusal, reluctance, temptation, tendency, willingness, wish, yearning等。I have no wish to quarrel (= don't wish to quarrel) withyou.我并不希望跟你吵架。Their decision to leave (=That they decided to leave) was very annoying.他们决定走叫人心烦。You haven't kept your promise to write (=promised towrite) us regularly.你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。2) 某些以不定式作状语的形容词，派生转化为同源名词后，也可以用不定式作定语。不定式跟这个名词中心词也是同位关系。在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。Her anxiety to succeed led her to workhard.她迫切想成功，这促使她努力工作。His ability to get on with people is hischief advantage.他能和人相处是他的主要优势。4 状语关系：中心词接上适当的介词可以看成是不定式的状语。1) 修饰某些抽象名词的不定式，也可以使用介词接动名词的方式。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，解释中心词的内容。这样的名词有如：ambition, campaign, chance, honor, mood, need,necessity, plan, opportunity, reason, right, time, way等。Give me your reasons to go/for going there.告诉我你去那儿的理由。He told me his plan to buy/for buying avilla.他跟我说，他计划买栋别墅。I had no chance to speak/of speaking tohim.我没机会跟他讲话。2) 不及物动词加介词的不定式做定语，可以改成：preposition + whom/which +to do结构。Please give me a seat to sit on/on whichto sit.请给我一条凳子坐坐。He's looking for a place to live in/inwhich to live.他在找住的地方。二、目的状语是说明谓语动词执行某动作的目的。跟动词不定式作定语修饰前面的中心词(名词或代词)不一样，不定式作目的状语是修饰动词的。表示目的时，不定式可放在句子的前面，也可放在句子的末尾。1. 通常句子的主语是它的逻辑主语。He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.他买了一辆自行车去镇上更快。I've come to ask if Jane can go swimming with me.我来问问简可以和我一起去游泳不。To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning.为按时到达那，我们早晨五点就出发了。2. 使用in order to do, so as to do是为了更加明白的表示目的，但to do,in order to do的位置既可在句首，又可在句末；而so asto do只能在句末。为了强调不定式结构表示目的，尤其是在不定式结构前使用否定词not或never等时，人们通常要在不定式符号to之前加上in order或so as使得目的性更加明确。为了建房，昨天他买来了木料和钢材。—In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday.—He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house.—He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build ahouse.3. 有时不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，注意如下几种情况：1) "for + somebody/something +to do"结构不定式的逻辑主语用for引出。I stopped for him to speak to me.我停下来听他跟我说话。Here's a saw for you to cut it with.这把锯子给你用来锯它。He opened the door for the children to come in.他开门让孩子们进来。Text books are made for students to learn from.课本编来给学生学习之用。He's writing the letter straight away for Martha to post on her way home.他立马写信让玛萨回家路上替他邮寄出去。2) 某些动词如bring, send等宾语之后，宾语执行不定式的动作。He brought a porter to carry the bags.他带一个搬运工来提袋子。They sent a man to mend the windows.他们派一个人来修那些窗户。3) 不定式用的被动结构，此时动作的执行者不是句子的主语。I took my shoes to be mended.我把我的鞋子拿去补。He stood up to beseen better than sat down.他站起来比坐着更好让人看见。
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