1) 动词+ 不定式 afford. aim. appear. agree. arrange . ask . be . decide. bother . care . choose . come. dare. demand. desire. determine . expect. elect . endeavor .hope. fail . happen . help . hesitate .learn . long . mean. manage . offer . ought. plan . prepare. pretend . promise. refuse. seem. tend. wait . wish. undertake. 举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3） 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 4)以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。 如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare, pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 5)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his ty to help the poor. 二、作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel ince inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 三、作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do It's our ty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. ④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. (3)举例 1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 (错)It is to believe to see. 四、作表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 ①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. ②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,ty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。 ④Our work is serving the people. ⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. ④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 五、作定语 ⒈不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： ①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question? ④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。 六、作状语 1）目的状语 To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 省to 的动词不定式 1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役动词 let, have, make： 3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。 注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4） 表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather，had better，might(just) as well：rather than置于句首时。 Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bike. 5） Why… / why not…： 6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。 8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 10）but作介词，后接不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时，but后的不定式要省去to，否则要带to。 He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 11）当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and，but或or连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时，则不能省略。 He wants to move to France and marry the girl. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult. 12）不定式做表语时，一般要带to，但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。 We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home. 动词不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window… She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 不定式的特殊句型 1、不定式的特殊句型so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2) so kind as to ---劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 2、 "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议 "为什么不……?" "干吗不……?" 例如： Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 3、It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。) 4、不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1）too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。 2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。 It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。 3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。动词不定式的"to"与介词的"to"区别 to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词： admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意 介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 动词不定式与动名词区别与联系 1） 动名词与不定式的区别： 动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3)在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： ①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee. ②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem. ③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. ⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake. 4） 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 ①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Don't forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 1 forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做) The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做) 2 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，***根烟。 I must stop smoking.. 我必须戒烟了。 3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 4 regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做) regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 5 cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。 cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。 That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 6 try doing/to do try to do 努力，企图做某事。 try doing 试验，试着做某事。 You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。 7 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习 8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"； be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。 She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 .9 be interested doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。 interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。 I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解) I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法) 10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 11 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth. 1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？ 2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry。 我开始生起气来。 3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 I begin to understand the truth。 我开始明白*。 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt.
1) 动词+ 不定式 afford. aim. appear. agree. arrange . ask . be . decide. bother . care . choose . come. dare. demand. desire. determine . expect. elect . endeavor .hope. fail . happen . help . hesitate .learn . long . mean. manage . offer . ought. plan . prepare. pretend . promise. refuse. seem. tend. wait . wish. undertake.
非谓语动词专题5.1 重要基础知识回顾1．非谓语动词可以分为四类，他们分别是：________，_________，_________，_________；现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v+ing形式，但是由于两者的语***能相差悬殊，故我们要分开学习。（1）由于动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（2）由于这些动词的形式不能在句中作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语（通常是句子的主语）。（3）由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定。（4）由于不能作谓语，也就没有时态和语态。但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。（5）由于与逻辑主语有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式。同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。2．非谓语动词的各种形式： 非谓语形式 各种形式 特征和作用主动 被动 否定式 复合结构不定式 to doto be doing to have done to be done无to have been done 非谓语前直接加not for (of) sb. to do sth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用。在句中做主、宾、表、定和状语分词 现在分词 doinghaving done being donehaving been done具有副词和形容词的作用。在句中做定、状、宾补和表语过去分词 done done动名词 doinghaving done being donehaving been done sb’s doingmy doing 具有名词的作用。在句中做主、宾、表和定语5.2常考考点解析知识要点：对每种非谓语，我们都要抓住的三个问题：各种形式+语***能+注意事项1． 动名词：名词（含有动词意义的名词）（1）各种形式：V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下： 动词 语态形式 及物动词make 不及物动词go主动语态 被动语态 主动语态一般式 making being made going完成式 having made having been made having gone（2）语***能：主，宾，表，定l 作主语：动名词作主语表示一种抽象或泛指的概念，而不定式表一次性的，具体的动作。谓语动词使用单数形式例如：Swimming is a good exercise.比较：To swim across that river is possible some day when I grow up.注意：若是动名词短语作主语时，其后面通常带有比较长宾语或状语。此时，通常用it来作形式主语，而将动名词短语放在句子后面作真实主语，以避免句子结构头重较轻。结构：It is no use (good, a waste of time, not an easy task )…和there be no (no use)…结构中。例题：It is no good _____ the stable door when the horse is stolen.A. opening B. to shut C. locking D. to lock例题：It is useless/of no use ___ here.A. waiting B. to wait C. to have waited D. to wait forl 作宾语：某些动词后只跟动名词作宾语。例如：admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, fancy, suggest, excuse, finish, mind, miss, practice, allow, risk, advise, give up…例句：She likes drawing very much.（及物动词的宾语）例句：Her sister is good at learning physics.（作介词的宾语）例句：This book is well worth reading.（作形容词worth, busy等的宾语）例题：You can't imagine what difficulty we had ___ home in the snowstorm. [2007 辽宁卷]A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking例题：Isn't it time you got down to ___ the papers?（2006 重庆 26）A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking注意；need/require/want doing和be worth doing表示“某事需要被”例句：This place is worth traveling hundreds of miles to see.l 作表语：例句：My hobby is collecting stamps.l 作定语：动名词作定语通常表示名词的功能和用途例句：This is a swimming pool.总结：__________________________________________________________________________2．不定式：万能非谓语（1）各种形式： 语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式主 动 to build to have built to be building to have been building 被 动 to be build to have been build（2）语***能：主，宾，表，定，状，补l 作主语：不定式(主/被)可以作句子主语，谓语动词使用单数形式例句：To say is easy, but to do is difficult.注意：不定式作主语时，其后面通常带有比较长宾语或状语。此时，通常用it来作形式主语，而将不定式短语放在句子后面作真实主语，以避免句子结构头重较轻。结构：It is adj./n./done. (for/of sb.) to do sth.例如：It is easy/hard/important/possible/necessary/foolish (for/of sb.) to do sth. It is a pleasure/pity/pleasant thing/an honor (for/of sb.) to do sth.l 作宾语：有些动词后面必须接不定式作宾语：例如：afford, agree, decide, demand, offer, determine, hope, expect, wish, happen, fail, manage, desire, long(渴望), plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, intend, seem;…注意：有些动词后面可以跟复合宾语(宾语+宾补)，常用it作为形式宾语，而把不定式放在宾语补足语之后。常见的动词有：find, make, think, consider, feel…。例句：The sty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.（书面表达部分常用句型）l 作表语：不定式作表语往往用来说明主语的具体内容，此时句子句子主语通常是抽象名词：hope, idea, plan, problem, suggestion, wish, aim, purpose, mistake…例句：The purpose of the trip was to record all the wildlife.例题：The only way to reach the edge of the forest ___ the narrow dirt path in front of us.A. was to take B. was to taking C. will take D. was taken注意：有些系动词后面需要跟不定式作表语：be, become, appear, seem, prove…例句：What interested me most was to find such a thing in the forest.l 作定语：不定式通常作后置定语，要考虑不定式与其修饰的主语或宾语之间有逻辑上的主动关系(用主动形式)或被动关系(用被动形式)。l 例题：The old scientist has been invited to a party _____ next Monday evening. A. holding B. held C. to be held D. being held例题：Mr. Smith is the very doctor ____. Mr. Smith is the very doctor for you _____.A. to be sent for B. to send for C. sending for D. to be sent例题：—The last one ___ pays the meal. —Agree! [2007 全国卷I] A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving l 作状语：不定式通常作两种状语：目的状语和结果状语。不定式通常不用作伴随状语。（区别于分词作状语，考试重点考察的内容）目的状语：不定式作目的和结果状语时，在形式上有是相同的。但是当不定式短语位于句首时，一定为目的状语；位于句末时，可能是目的状语，也可能是结构状语，要根据上下文的语境来判断。例句：To earn enough money to continue his studies, he worked there first as a teacher in NOS.例题：—Can the project be finished as planned?（2005 福建 29 ） —Sure, ___ it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day. A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get注意：有时候为了强调，不定式作目的状语可以写成：in order to(句首/句末), so as to(句末)例题：All these gifts must be mailed immediately ___ in time for Christmas.（2005 辽宁 22） A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving结果状语：常与only连用，表示未曾预料到的结果，译为：“不料，想不到…”例句：In their eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees, they have cut them down in large numbers, only to find that without them people lost their best friends they had.（高考长难句）例题：He is a student at Oxford University, ___ for a degree in computer science. [2007 北京卷]A. studied B. studying C. to have studied D. to be studying例题：As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ___, and asked myself what I was going to do. [2007 湖南卷] A. moved B moving C. to move D. being moved例题：When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there ___ for a space flight. [2007 江西卷] A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained例题：___ that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her. [2007 陕西卷]A. To have said B. Having said C. To say D. Saying例题：The storm left , ___ a lot of damage to this area .（2005 全国1 32）A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused l 作补语：要牢记不定式作补语的四种形式：带to不定式作补语：有些动词后要求跟不定式作补语：结构：tell/advise/allow/encourage/persuade/request/require…sb. to do sth.不带to不定式作补语：使役动词和感官动词后要求跟不带不定式符号to的不定式作补语，但是在被动语态中，必须恢复不定式符号。结构：make/let/have…see/watch/observe/notice/look at/hear/listen to/feel/… sb. to do sth.(吾看三室两厅一感觉)带不带to都可以：help sb. (to) do sth.to be adj./n.作补语：有些动词believe, consider, find, suppose, prove, think, imagine…要求跟to be作补语。例句：This grammar book was considered to be the most authoritative and useful works of the grammar learning.例题：—Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? —Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ___ you to your room. [2007 北京卷]A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing总结：__________________________________________________________________________
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